Retraction

Retraction Policy

Retractions, corrections and expressions of concern follow COPE retraction guidelines.

Last updated: 2026-01-01 · COPE-aligned

Grounds for Retraction

Articles are retracted when there is clear evidence of unreliable findings (whether from honest error or research misconduct), redundant publication, plagiarism, or unethical research.

Retraction Procedure

Retraction notices are linked to the original article, are free to access, identify the retracted article unambiguously, and state who is retracting the article and the reason for retraction.

Corrections & Expressions of Concern

Minor errors are corrected via a Corrigendum. Where investigations are ongoing, an Expression of Concern is published to alert readers.