IqboljonDjumaboyevauthor text article Research and publications2026continuing uzb This article examines the formation and operational structure of the imperial Russian security apparatus in the Turkestan Region, with particular focus on the Fergana Oblast, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on archival materials from the Uzbekistan National Archives (UzNA), the study traces the institutional evolution from the early gendarmerie railway directorates established in 1901 and 1905 through to the founding of the Turkestan District Security Department (TDSD) in 1907. Russian Empire Turkestan Fergana Oblast gendarmerie Turkestan District Security Department (TDSD) Okhranka covert surveillance secret police 3030-34353030-3435162026 10.5281/zenodo.20963885 https://openjurnal.uz/article/djumabayev-i-TA-2026-020 https://rukoxlelgdqbshwjqpxd.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/article-pdfs/formatted/1782561793915-THE_GENDARMERIE__SECRET_POLICE__AND_POLITICAL_SURVEILLANCE_I.pdf CC-BY-4.0