THE GENDARMERIE, SECRET POLICE, AND POLITICAL SURVEILLANCE IN THE FERGANA OBLAST UNDER RUSSIAN IMPERIAL RULE Djumaboyev Iqboljon Russian Empire Turkestan Fergana Oblast gendarmerie Turkestan District Security Department (TDSD) Okhranka covert surveillance secret police This article examines the formation and operational structure of the imperial Russian security apparatus in the Turkestan Region, with particular focus on the Fergana Oblast, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on archival materials from the Uzbekistan National Archives (UzNA), the study traces the institutional evolution from the early gendarmerie railway directorates established in 1901 and 1905 through to the founding of the Turkestan District Security Department (TDSD) in 1907. Research and publications 2026-06-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Text application/pdf https://openjurnal.uz/article/djumabayev-i-TA-2026-020 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20963885 https://rukoxlelgdqbshwjqpxd.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/article-pdfs/formatted/1782561793915-THE_GENDARMERIE__SECRET_POLICE__AND_POLITICAL_SURVEILLANCE_I.pdf Tibbiyot akademiyasi; Vol. 1, No. 6 (2026) ISSN: 3030-3435 EISSN: 3030-3435 uz CC-BY-4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess